{"id":48516,"date":"2021-04-20T11:17:15","date_gmt":"2021-04-20T15:17:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thestoryexchange.org\/?p=48516"},"modified":"2021-04-27T14:53:31","modified_gmt":"2021-04-27T18:53:31","slug":"kati-kariko-melissa-moore-kathrin-jansen-defied-all-odds-life-saving-vaccines","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thestoryexchange.org\/kati-kariko-melissa-moore-kathrin-jansen-defied-all-odds-life-saving-vaccines\/","title":{"rendered":"Toiling for Years Behind the Scenes, Female Scientists Finally Get Respect for Covid-19 Vaccines"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"Kati
Kati Kariko, shown here in 1989, worked for years in labs before her work would be taken seriously. (Credit: Kati Kariko)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The world is betting on vaccines<\/a> to serve as a bridge to an \u201cafter\u201d time that looks more like the before times. And the heads of Moderna, Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca \u2014 all men \u2014 are the ones who have visibly been leading the vaccine effort<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the miracle of the vaccines currently being distributed is the result of the dedication and determination of a number of extraordinary scientists, and many of the key players are women who have toiled for years behind the scenes \u2014 often for little pay and even less recognition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sarah Gilbert was the brains behind AstraZeneca\u2019s Covid-19 vaccine. Kathrin Jansen worked around the clock on Pfizer\u2019s shot. Kizzmekia Corbett<\/a> at the National Institutes of Health helped design the Moderna vaccine. Lisa Jackson<\/a> at Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute oversaw the world\u2019s first clinical vaccine trial. Nita Patel<\/a> leads an all-female vaccine development team at Novavax. The list goes on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Related: <\/em>This Female Scientist Is at the Helm of Finding a Vaccine for Coronavirus<\/em><\/a>]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

But perhaps no one exemplifies the obstacles faced by women in science \u2014 and the sheer will to persevere \u2014 more than Hungarian-born biochemist Katalin Kariko, who is now a senior vice president at German-based company BioNTech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Kariko
Kariko (left) in her yard at home in Hungary with her sister in 1957. (Courtesy Kati Kariko) <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

When she appeared on Skype for our interview from her home office in Philadelphia, I quickly got an idea of her work ethic (and her sense of humor). She noted that every hour, approximately 11 papers related to Covid are published in scientific journals \u2014 but she couldn\u2019t read them because of pesky reporters such as myself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhile we are talking here, I am missing reading those 11 papers,\u201d she said. \u201cHow [will] I catch up?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Raised in a small adobe house in the former Eastern Bloc with no running water or refrigerator, Kariko ultimately made a groundbreaking discovery related to mRNA<\/a> that would help change the course of the pandemic. Colleagues and prominent researchers are calling for Kariko and her collaborator Drew Weissman to win the Nobel Prize. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

But for years, Kariko faced rejection after rejection when she applied for grants, and she was demoted at University of Pennsylvania, where she worked. It is the story of countless female scientists who are told \u201cno.\u201d Despite making up nearly half of the workforce in the country, only 27% of women work in STEM, according to the U.S. Census Bureau<\/a>. The field is rife with well-documented cases of sexism<\/a>, bias and flat-out misogyny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kariko understands the effects of this lopsided landscape. \u201cI felt many times that I am not good enough,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Kariko
Kariko is a senior VP at BioNTech, which partnered with Pfizer to produce its vaccine. (Courtesy Kati Kariko)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

But she did not let these challenges, which might have made another person quit and find another career path, derail her obsessive work on mRNA. \u201cYou have to say, \u2018Okay, what can I do?\u2019\u201d she said. She toughed it out, absorbing the feedback she received and refining her research questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kariko met Weissman, a professor of immunology at University of Pennsylvania, in 1997. In 2005, they made the key discovery that allowed two companies, BioNTech and Moderna, to harness messenger RNA as a therapeutic for their vaccines. And their breakthrough is just the beginning \u2014 it has set the stage for the use of mRNA, the genetic messenger that the body uses to turn DNA code into proteins, for possible vaccines that prevent a range of other diseases, from cystic fibrosis to cancer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seeing the Potential of mRNA \u2026 and Women in Science<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Moderna was one of the first biotech companies to see the potential of mRNA and Kariko\u2019s work. Noubar Afeyan co-founded the company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, about a decade ago after hearing a pitch from researchers from MIT and Harvard. He became excited about exploring the possibilities of mRNA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Born in Beirut, Lebanon, to Armenian parents, Afeyan, who was an early supporter of The Story Exchange, said he and his team are working to figure out how to get more women in decision-making positions (of the 10 people on Moderna\u2019s Executive Committee, three are women). He thinks that many women in science feel like outsiders, a feeling he can relate to as an immigrant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe\u2019ve taken quite a few steps internally to try to figure out what\u2019s keeping us from having more candidates that are women, in not just CEO roles, but in many of the leadership roles,\u201d he said in an interview. The lack of women in powerful positions is frustrating, he added, \u201cbecause we have plenty of women who are scientists, managers, leaders in their own rights. It\u2019s an important but constant struggle.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Related: <\/em>A Successful Entrepreneur Shows What It\u2019s Really Like to Be an Immigrant<\/em><\/a>]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

One question he has asked of his team: \u201c\u2018What more can we do to come up with out-of-the-box ideas?\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Afeyan and his team actively courted Melissa Moore, a longtime researcher and professor whom he describes as a \u201cworld-class RNA scientist, no caveat.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2016, Moore came on board as chief scientific officer of Moderna\u2019s mRNA research platform, where she oversees what will be \u201ca new generation of transformative medicine\u201d for patients, according to<\/a> the company.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Melissa
Melissa Moore joined Moderna in 2016 in a key leadership role. (Courtesy of Moderna)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Moore was a big part of the reason why Moderna was prepared for the pandemic; Moderna had planned a \u201cdress rehearsal\u201d for a coronavirus scare in December 2019. The company\u2019s sequence for the vaccine came out in January 2020, a week before the first confirmed coronavirus case in the U.S.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe were perfectly positioned at the time and we had put 10 years of research into both understanding how to design the right mRNA,\u201d Moore said in an interview. \u201cWe were in clinical trials. We were just in the right place at the right time. And we were already working on pandemic preparedness.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moore, who worked in academia for two decades before joining Moderna, recalled the boys\u2019 club atmosphere that made it difficult for women to get their foot in the door. Back in the early 2000s “one of the things that was really frustrating for those of us who were women who were at the top of our game — senior academic women — is the lack of relationships of women with companies,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Overcoming gender bias \u201ctakes [male] allies, but it also takes women staying in the game,\u201d she added. \u201cA lot of times, particularly young women take themselves out of the game.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moore attributes her own staying power to being on the Asperger’s Syndrome spectrum. \u201cI\u2019m not as socially attuned to what other people think of me,\u201d she said. \u201cI often see a problem and I\u2019ll just go fix it and not say, \u2018Oh, I should get permission to do that.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now she wants to encourage more diversity not just in the ranks, but at the very top of the field. \u201cFor me personally, I\u2019m interested in continuing to increase diversity of not just women, but all kinds of diversity on both scientific advisory boards and on boards of directors,\u201d she said. \u201cThat\u2019s something I\u2019m working on currently.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fleeing the Cold War and Encountering Skepticism<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Before she became the head of vaccine research and development for Pfizer, Kathrin Jansen created the now-widely used vaccines for pneumococcus for Pfizer and the human papilloma virus, which causes cervical cancer, for the company Merck. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

But at nearly every step of the way, she appears to have been met with doubt and even vitriol from her bosses and colleagues \u2014 in one instance, she was screamed at by a senior medical researcher in the hallway of Merck, which is based in New Jersey, she recalled to Stat<\/a>, a health news arm of The Boston Globe. (Jansen declined requests to comment for this story.) Other co-workers running the company\u2019s finances reduced the budget on paper for Jansen\u2019s project, thinking it would lead to nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Kathrin
Kathrin Jansen kept focused on her work despite naysayers. (Credit: Pfizer)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

But, similar to Kariko, Jansen did not let these disturbing episodes make her lose focus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Related: <\/em>Female Healthcare Workers Who Saw Worst of Pandemic Are Leading the Way Out with Vaccines<\/em><\/a>] <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhen you\u2019re really convinced about something and you have the intuition that you may be on the right track, I think it\u2019s really important to stick to your guns,\u201d Jansen told theSkimm<\/a> in March. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

She also knows something about hardship from the earliest moments of her life. Born in East Germany, she fled with her family to West Germany shortly before the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961. Her fascination with science began when, as a child, she became afflicted by frequent throat infections and coughs, and her father would always have some medicinal remedy prepared.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYou\u2019re a small person and you have this violent cough and you feel sick as a dog,\u201d she told the news outlet. \u201cAnd then you get this drug. And it makes you feel better.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now, she leads a team of more than 700 researchers at Pfizer, which gave the company a competitive edge in its recent vaccine rollout. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

These three women, all at retirement age or close to it, will continue to drive the conversation \u2014 and the science \u2014 around the Covid-19 vaccines, which are constantly being analyzed and updated as deadlier and more contagious variants emerge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Related: <\/em>\u2018If Not Now, When?\u2019 Women Entrepreneurs Launch Mid-Pandemic<\/em><\/a>]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most have said we will likely require an annual booster shot moving forward. But with new challenges also come new opportunities, and the women said they feel encouraged by the technology at their disposal and the growing recognition of their work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI would give credit to everybody else, all of these people who came before me,\u201d Kariko said. \u201cBecause whatever they discovered, I built on them. Just keep going.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And then she hopped off the call to get to the 11 scientific papers she\u2019d missed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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